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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Randwertproblem</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Randwertprobleme</b> (kurz: <b>RWP</b>) auch <b>Randwertaufgabe</b> (kurz: <b>RWA</b>) oder <a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a> <b>Boundary value problem</b> (kurz: <b>BVP</b>) nennt man in der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> eine wichtige Klasse von Problemstellungen, bei denen zu einer vorgegebenen <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichung</a> (DGL) Lösungen gesucht werden, die auf dem Rand des Definitionsbereiches vorgegebene Funktionswerte (<a href="Randbedingung" title="Randbedingung">Randbedingungen</a>) annehmen sollen. Das Gegenstück dazu ist das <a href="Anfangswertproblem" title="Anfangswertproblem">Anfangswertproblem</a>, bei dem die Lösung für einen beliebigen Punkt im Definitionsbereich vorgegeben wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gewöhnliche_Differentialgleichung"><span id="Gew.C3.B6hnliche_Differentialgleichung"></span>Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dirichlet-Problem">Dirichlet-Problem</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Dirichlet-Randbedingung" title="Dirichlet-Randbedingung">Dirichlet-Randbedingung</a></i></div>
<p>Es seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Reelle_Zahl" title="Reelle Zahl">reelle Zahlen</a>. Randdaten oder Randbedingungen einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af01c2735999273d51bfa0ce5d24440da724e974.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(a)=\alpha \quad {\text{und}}\quad u(b)=\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>und</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(a)=\alpha \quad {\text{und}}\quad u(b)=\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3b0b09bfb6fb7e8c638e3b4b642be17a180a47b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.045ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(a)=\alpha \quad {\text{und}}\quad u(b)=\beta }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißen Randbedingungen <i>erster Art</i> oder <i>Dirichletsche</i> Randbedingungen. Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7434b2c28160128e0a0c5a11c97635c26423c7c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.179ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\beta =0}" loading="lazy"></span> so sprechen wir von <i>homogenen</i> Dirichletschen Randbedingungen. Ansonsten sprechen wir von <i>inhomogenen</i> Randbedingungen.
</p><p>Gesucht ist also eine Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche Lösung des folgenden Problems ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (N){\begin{cases}f(x,u(x),u'(x),u''(x))=0,\quad x\in (a,b)&\\u(a)=\alpha ,~u(b)=\beta .&\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (N){\begin{cases}f(x,u(x),u'(x),u''(x))=0,\quad x\in (a,b)&\\u(a)=\alpha ,~u(b)=\beta .&\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cebe9247454ecec368b16db8c7d4e8c4fc5a30ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:48.296ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (N){\begin{cases}f(x,u(x),u'(x),u''(x))=0,\quad x\in (a,b)&\\u(a)=\alpha ,~u(b)=\beta .&\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Hierbei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> eine vorgeschriebene Funktion und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4b46b57cfa0011b643037751809904d915c1b48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.854ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta }" loading="lazy"></span> sind die vorgeschriebenen Randbedingungen. Hinreichende Bedingungen zur Existenz (und Eindeutigkeit) von Lösungen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (N)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (N)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ef1affa0ad7069851b8f0f7cd33359ad049813a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.873ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (N)}" loading="lazy"></span> findet man in dem Artikel <a href="Dirichlet-Randbedingung" title="Dirichlet-Randbedingung">Dirichlet-Problem</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sturm-Liouville-RWP">Sturm-Liouville-RWP</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Sturm-Liouville-Problem" title="Sturm-Liouville-Problem">Sturm-Liouville-Problem</a></i></div>
<p>Seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r,p,q\in {\mathcal {C}}([a,b],\mathbb {R} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r,p,q\in {\mathcal {C}}([a,b],\mathbb {R} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10cb301f75364055206391cd2b9183da3875638a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.512ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r,p,q\in {\mathcal {C}}([a,b],\mathbb {R} )}" loading="lazy"></span><br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Lu:=(pu')'+qu}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Lu:=(pu')'+qu}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e8a5f8f42ea04273978b7c7a756a2ec9fee8de3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.575ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Lu:=(pu')'+qu}" loading="lazy"></span> sei ein <a href="Selbstadjungierter_Operator" title="Selbstadjungierter Operator">selbstadjungierter</a> <a href="Lineare_Abbildung" title="Lineare Abbildung">linearer</a> <a href="Differentialoperator" title="Differentialoperator">Differentialoperator</a> 2. Ordnung<br>
Randoperatoren mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\alpha _{0}}^{2}+{\alpha _{1}}^{2}>0,~{\beta _{0}}^{2}+{\beta _{1}}^{2}>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\alpha _{0}}^{2}+{\alpha _{1}}^{2}>0,~{\beta _{0}}^{2}+{\beta _{1}}^{2}>0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2740b6910ad4df262b77d08a432676b8af8c30ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.858ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\alpha _{0}}^{2}+{\alpha _{1}}^{2}>0,~{\beta _{0}}^{2}+{\beta _{1}}^{2}>0}" loading="lazy"></span> seien <br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{a}u:=\alpha _{0}u(a)+\alpha _{1}p(a)u'(a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{a}u:=\alpha _{0}u(a)+\alpha _{1}p(a)u'(a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b5ecd5dd9f5233492f8874cc53b35abae53b451.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.496ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{a}u:=\alpha _{0}u(a)+\alpha _{1}p(a)u'(a)}" loading="lazy"></span><br>
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{b}u:=\beta _{0}u(b)+\beta _{1}p(b)u'(b)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{b}u:=\beta _{0}u(b)+\beta _{1}p(b)u'(b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d5dedbaf047b5570cf2de92cf7429758e03cda1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.291ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{b}u:=\beta _{0}u(b)+\beta _{1}p(b)u'(b)}" loading="lazy"></span><br>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (*){\begin{cases}(Lu)(x)=r(x)&\\R_{u}(a)=\eta _{a},~R_{u}(b)=\eta _{b}&\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (*){\begin{cases}(Lu)(x)=r(x)&\\R_{u}(a)=\eta _{a},~R_{u}(b)=\eta _{b}&\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13c8b17f6d71e35e21ac4fa91532a5997cbd9357.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:31.67ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (*){\begin{cases}(Lu)(x)=r(x)&\\R_{u}(a)=\eta _{a},~R_{u}(b)=\eta _{b}&\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>heißt Sturm-Liouville-RWP.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sturm-Liouville-EWP">Sturm-Liouville-EWP</h3></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertproblem</a></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda }){\begin{cases}(Lu)(x)=\lambda u(x)&\\R_{u}(a)=R_{u}(b)=0&\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda }){\begin{cases}(Lu)(x)=\lambda u(x)&\\R_{u}(a)=R_{u}(b)=0&\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b497223a1a232f6024e986093e1cfe586a04da3d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.388ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda }){\begin{cases}(Lu)(x)=\lambda u(x)&\\R_{u}(a)=R_{u}(b)=0&\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span><br></dd></dl>
<p>Diejenigen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b87bc1622689bc998795834cd65eecdb4955a785.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.874ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>, für die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda })}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda })}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/807c76606993bf3c11e09ae43c1aeb143482d803.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.492ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (P_{\lambda })}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht eindeutig lösbar ist, heißen <a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwerte</a>. Die zugehörigen Lösungen heißen Eigenfunktionen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partielle_Differentialgleichungen">Partielle Differentialgleichungen</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{d}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>⊂<!-- ⊂ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{d}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8c7db73e088aeed5bf0eff7d31ea5e1731bdaad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.547ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega \subset \mathbb {R} ^{d}}" loading="lazy"></span> offen und beschränkt, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> sei eine auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Lebesgue-Ma%C3%9F" title="Lebesgue-Maß">Lebesgue-messbare</a> Funktion, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreibe die Randvorgaben. Gesucht sind jeweils Lösungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u\colon \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u\colon \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/705ebebe72e33235afee62d6ef4e6f1f5f1667af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.552ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u\colon \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb {R} ^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Partielle_Differentialgleichung" title="Partielle Differentialgleichung">partielle Differentialgleichung</a> sei gegeben durch den <a href="Differentialoperator" title="Differentialoperator">Differentialoperator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\colon u\mapsto L(u)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">↦<!-- ↦ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\colon u\mapsto L(u)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4ebcb19917cb8f6af8937bb46370f19459d7e016.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.282ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\colon u\mapsto L(u)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Insbesondere führen <a href="Elliptischer_Differentialoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptischer Differentialoperator">elliptische Differentialoperatoren</a> immer auf Randwertprobleme, etwa der <a href="Laplace-Operator" title="Laplace-Operator">Laplace-Operator</a> auf die <a href="Poisson-Gleichung" title="Poisson-Gleichung">Poisson-Gleichung</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dirichlet-Problem_2">Dirichlet-Problem</h3></div>
<p>Beim <a href="Dirichlet-Randbedingung" title="Dirichlet-Randbedingung">Dirichlet-Problem</a> werden Funktionswerte auf dem Rand vorgegeben.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d8e490138d034ca0f075102b2ef8c07156379fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/caf8e047fda02f08b13cae88d820143488bdc1b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.495ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x)=g(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x)=g(x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b8751121003253a91fc54585a74259fd97be33e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.822ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x)=g(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>.</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17753857a1e8c0e82461a4a8432f58c90d499c65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.813ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neumann-Problem">Neumann-Problem</h3></div>
<p>Anstatt Funktionswerten werden beim <a href="Neumann-Randbedingung" title="Neumann-Randbedingung">Neumann-Problem</a> Ableitungswerte auf dem Rand vorgeschrieben.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d8e490138d034ca0f075102b2ef8c07156379fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/caf8e047fda02f08b13cae88d820143488bdc1b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.495ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}(x)=g(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>u</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}(x)=g(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/86f6c8c15fc84b03764ade257cd5a320d6399a4a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.041ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}(x)=g(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17753857a1e8c0e82461a4a8432f58c90d499c65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.813ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schiefe_Randbedingung">Schiefe Randbedingung</h3></div>
<p>Die schiefe Randbedingung stellt eine Kombination der beiden vorangehenden Probleme dar. Hierbei soll die gesuchte Funktion auf dem Rand gleich ihrer Normalenableitung auf dem Rand sein.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>f</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d8e490138d034ca0f075102b2ef8c07156379fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.377ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L(u)(x)=f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/caf8e047fda02f08b13cae88d820143488bdc1b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.495ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \Omega ,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u(x)={\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u(x)={\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/035afbd0294117858b2cbda47d5eff94a69ef301.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.255ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u(x)={\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/17753857a1e8c0e82461a4a8432f58c90d499c65.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.813ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in \partial \Omega .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hilfsmittel">Hilfsmittel</h2></div>
<p>Ein wichtiges theoretisches Hilfsmittel zur Untersuchung von Randwertproblemen sind die <a href="Greensche_Funktion" title="Greensche Funktion">Greenschen Funktionen</a>.
</p><p>In der <a href="Numerik" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerik">Numerik</a> werden als Verfahren zur näherungsweisen Lösung z. B. die <a href="Finite-Differenzen-Methode" title="Finite-Differenzen-Methode">FDM</a> (<i>finite difference method</i>), die <a href="Finite-Elemente-Methode" title="Finite-Elemente-Methode">FEM</a> (<i>finite element method</i>), das <a href="Schie%C3%9Fverfahren" title="Schießverfahren">Schießverfahren</a> und die <a href="Mehrzielmethode" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehrzielmethode">Mehrzielmethode</a> eingesetzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naturwissenschaftliche_Anwendung">Naturwissenschaftliche Anwendung</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Modellierung" class="mw-redirect" title="Modellierung">Modellierung</a> vieler Vorgänge in <a href="Natur" title="Natur">Natur</a> und <a href="Technik" title="Technik">Technik</a> baut auf Differentialgleichungen auf. Typische einfache Beispiele für <b>RWP</b> sind
</p>
<ul><li>schwingende Saite, die an ihren beiden Enden (=Rand) fest eingespannt ist</li>
<li>Angeregte <a href="Schwingungsmembran" title="Schwingungsmembran">Schwingungsmembran</a> (der Rand ist hier ein Kreisring) wie bei einem <a href="Trampolin" title="Trampolin">Trampolin</a> oder einer <a href="Trommel" title="Trommel">Trommel</a></li>
<li><a href="Bewegungsgleichung" title="Bewegungsgleichung">Bewegungsgleichungen</a> von Satelliten bei <a href="Keplerbahn" title="Keplerbahn">Keplerbahnen</a>, siehe auch <a href="Bahnbestimmung" title="Bahnbestimmung">Bahnbestimmung</a></li>
<li>die <a href="Kettenlinie_(Mathematik)" title="Kettenlinie (Mathematik)">Kettenlinie</a> einer zwischen zwei Punkten durchhängenden Kette</li>
<li>die Ausformung der Radien der drei sich bildenden Lamellen, wenn sich zwei zuerst eigenständige Seifenblasen vereinigen</li>
<li>die Annahme einer konstanten Temperatur in der Wärmeleitung</li>
<li>die Annahme einer konstanten <a href="W%C3%A4rmestromdichte" title="Wärmestromdichte">Wärmestromdichte</a> an der Grenze zwischen zwei Medien (z. B. perfekte Isolation).</li></ul>
<p>Umgekehrt können Versuche mit materiellen Modellen – aus Federnetzwerk, <a href="Gummituch" title="Gummituch">Gummituch</a>, Seifenblase – der Lösung mathematisch formulierter Aufgaben oder ihrer Veranschaulichung dienen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitationspotential</a> dargestellt durch die mittige Eindellung eines am Rand waagrecht eingespannten Gummituchs, (elliptisch) umkreisende Bewegung durch eine rollende kleine Kugel</li>
<li><a href="Spannungsoptik" title="Spannungsoptik">Spannungsoptik</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Harro_Heuser" title="Harro Heuser">Harro Heuser</a>: <i>Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen</i>, Teubner, März 2004, ISBN 3-519-32227-7</li>
<li><a href="Wolfgang_Walter_(Mathematiker)" title="Wolfgang Walter (Mathematiker)">Wolfgang Walter</a>: <i>Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen</i>, Springer, 2000, ISBN 3-540-67642-2</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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